Journal of Orthodontics & Endodontics

Description

One of the most common, non-life-threatening diseases is dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities. By the age of 34, approximately 80% of adults are expected to have dental caries. Additionally, untreated tooth decay has resulted in abscesses or even death in 10% of children and 26% of adults. Worldwide, approximately 2.3 billion people have untreated tooth decay, and oral healthcare costs approximately 124 billion dollars annually in the United States. Dental caries results from long haul corrosive creation, which debilitates tooth polish. Acid production occurs when a bacterial biofilm breaks down sugar and removes calcium and phosphate from the enamel. Demineralization is the process by which calcium and phosphate are eliminated. Dental caries are caused by repeated demineralization over an extended period. The bacterial biofilm related with dental caries structures through a progression of steps started by the connection of the microorganisms, which ingests reversibly to the outer layer of the lacquer. After that, the bacterial microcolonies form an irreversible attachment and produce an Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) matrix, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional biofilm. One of the many varieties of bacteria that can be found in the oral cavity, Streptococcus mutans is the most prevalent and virulent member of the oral microbiome. Additionally, S.mutans has been linked to a number of cases of dental caries.

Various Nanotechnology-Based Treatments

 The most common method for preventing dental caries is fluoride. However, it has been reported that some bacterial strains, such as S.mutans, are fluoride-resistant. Additionally, children who are still developing permanent teeth may develop fluorosis, also known as a white streak on their teeth, as a result of excessive fluoride use. Another effective antimicrobial for treating dental caries is chlorhexidine. However, its propensity to stain teeth delays its use. Saliva tends to wash away topical agents, reducing their retention and decreasing their therapeutic efficacy. Cefazolin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime are currently effective against S. mutans; however, other antibiotics like penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, and amoxicillin have shown significant resistance levels. The various novel nanotechnology-based treatments for S.mutans biofilms and their potential benefits are discussed in this review. The disease's pathophysiology, with an emphasis on the development of biofilms, will serve as the foundation for our discussion of the various nanotechnology-based treatments. Dental caries can develop at any point in a person's life, in both primary and permanent dentitions. It can eventually damage the tooth crown and expose the root surfaces, provide the best description of, dental caries is a complex biofilm-intervened sickness brought about by incessant ingestion of fermentable starches (for the most part free sugars), unfortunate oral cleanliness, and insufficient fluoride openness. When orthodontic braces are worn, patients may experience dental caries. New carious sores were viewed as in 45.8% of patients utilizing orthodontic supports. Age, poor oral hygiene, and treatment duration are all potential contributors to an increased rate of dental caries. Polymers can reduce lesions caused by braces, and there are two main types of polymers that can be used to make nanoparticles. When calcium and phosphate ions from saliva are deposited in the voids of the demineralized structure, remineralization can occur naturally. Demineralization's negative effects can be mitigated through this procedure. Ions are net gained during remineralization. However, the natural process of remineralization that occurs through saliva is inefficient and takes a long time.It has been demonstrated that formulation strategies based on nanotechnology enhance therapeutic outcomes across a variety of disease states. The advancements in the management, prevention, and treatment of biofilm-associated dental caries are emphasized in this review.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable disorder of connective tissue that causes bone fragility and frequently results in short stature. Variants in the genes for collagen type I alpha chains COL1A1 and COL1A2 are found in about 90% of people with an OI clinical diagnosis. These patients fall into four clinical categories: OI types I, II, III, and IV. Bisphosphonate medications are widely used to increase bone density and reduce the number of fractures, but there is currently no cure for OI. People with COL1A1- and COL1A2-related OI frequently have dental and craniofacial abnormalities, such as dentinogenesis imperfecta, tooth agenesis, and malocclusion, in addition to fractures in long bones and vertebrae. OI type V is the most common disorder among OI types that are not caused by COL1A1 or COL1A2.The recurrent heterozygous c.-14C > T variant in IFITM5, which encodes the transmembrane protein BRIL, which is specifically expressed in osteoblasts and has no known function, is the cause of OI type V. The variant adds five amino acids to the BRIL protein's N-terminus and creates a new translational start site. The incidence of fractures, long-bone deformities, vertebral compression fractures, and scoliosis of OI type V are similar to those of OI type IV. However, OI type V also has distinctive characteristics like the formation of hyperplastic calluses and the calcification of the interosseous forearm membrane. At this time, it is unknown how the addition of five amino acids to the BRIL protein causes bone fragility. Mouse models holding onto the OI type V variation pass on upon entering the world, which muddles unthinking examinations. The featured detailing types exhibited better remedial results by upgrading drug dissolvability, advancing entrance into the profound layers of the biofilm, working with delayed home time in the buccal cavity.